![]() ![]() Historical punishments Naval types and use The closed cat, one without tails, was called a starter. Sometimes the term "cat" is used incorrectly to describe various other punitive flogging devices with multiple tails in any number, even one made from 80 twigs (so rather a limp birch) to flog a drunk or other offender instead of 80 lashes normally applicable under shariah law. Variations exist, either named cat (of x tails) or not, such as the whip used on adult Egyptian prisoners which had a cord on a cudgel branching into seven tails, each with six knots, used only on adult men, with boys being subject to caning, until Egypt banned the use of the device in 2001. The 19th-century British naval cat was made out of a piece of rope, thicker than a man's wrist (about 2½ inches), five feet in length, three of which were stiff and solid stuff, and the remaining two feet unraveled into hard twisted and knotted ends. ![]() To make a cat o' nine tails, a rope is unraveled into three small ropes, each of which is unraveled again. Thinner rope is made from three strands of yarn plaited together, and thicker rope from three strands of thinner rope plaited together. It traditionally has nine thongs as a result of the manner in which rope is plaited. The cat is made up of nine knotted thongs of cotton cord, about 0.8 metres ( 2 + 1⁄ 2 ft) long, designed to lacerate the skin and cause intense pain. There are equivalent terms in many languages, usually strictly translating, and also some analogous terms referring to a similar instrument's number of tails (cord or leather), such as the Dutch zevenstaart (seven tail), negenstaart (nine tail), the Spanish gato de nueve colas or the Italian gatto a nove code. It was probably so called in reference to its " claws", which inflict parallel wounds. The term came into wider circulation in 1695 after its mention by a character in William Congreve's play Love for Love, although the design is much older. Whatever makes her happy, that’s all I care about.The term first appears in 1681 in reports of a London murder. I had to reapply my make-up before I went back outside."ĪNDY SAYS: “I don’t think Aryana looks noticeably different without make-up - she always looks glamorous. Going make-up-free for these photos felt daunting. I mastered the barely-there make-up look early on so I could get away with it at school. My love of cosmetics began when I was ten after watching my mum using eyeliner, eyeshadow and blusher. "Then I comb my lashes and apply concealer under my eyes and use lip balm. At bedtime I double cleanse, use retinol and massage my face with a jade roller. "I always wake up two hours before Andy and put on concealer, foundation, bronzer, eyeshadow, eyeliner, mascara and lipstick ready for the day ahead. "Rob says he loves me with or without make-up, but I would never go to a special occasion bare-faced because I don’t want to feel like the girl next door.ĩ The 34-year-old, here glammed up, says of her relationship with Andy 'One of the reasons why our love is strong is down to the energy I put into looking after myself' Three years ago I became a country and western singer and looking good on and off stage is crucial. ![]() My products contain such amazing moisturising ingredients they double up as a care product I never worry what it does to my skin, I think I look good for my age. When I left the job in 2009, the habit stuck and I still sleep in my make-up. "I sometimes went 36 hours without cleansing. When I napped on long-haul flights, my make-up stayed intact but I always topped it up the next morning. She says: "Working as an air stewardess for 25 years meant I was expected to always look glam, with glittery false lashes, bright lipstick and a strong foundation. ![]() 9 The 60-year-old ex-flight attendant, here glammed up, reveals 'My products contain such amazing moisturising ingredients they double up as a care product' ![]()
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